Slovesa v angličtině
MINULÝ ČAS
↓ minulý čas průběhový ↓
Pomocné sloveso: WAS/WERE
KLAD
WAS/WERE + sloveso + ing
I was playing
You were playing
He was playing
She was playing
It was playing
We were playing
You were playing
They were playing
ZÁPOR
WAS/WERE + NOT + sloveso + ing
I wasn ́t (was not) playing
You weren ́t (were not) playing
He wasn ́t (was not) playing
She wasn ́t (was not) playing
It wasn ́t (was not) playing
We weren ́t (were not) playing
You weren ́t (were not) playing
They weren ́t (were not) playing
OTÁZKA
Was I playing?
Were you playing?
Was he playing?
Was she playing?
Was it playing?
Were we playing?
Were you playing?
Were they playing?
↓ minulý čas prostý ↓
Pomocné sloveso: DID
KLAD
sloveso + ed
I played
You played
He played
She played
It played
We played
You played
They played
ZÁPOR
did + not + sloveso v základním tvaru
I didn ́t (did not) play
You didn ́t (did not) play
He didn ́t (did not) play
She didn ́t (did not) play
It didn ́t (did not) play
We didn ́t (did not) play
You didn ́t (did not) play
They didn ́t (did not) play
OTÁZKA
Did I play?
Did you play?
Did he play?
Did she play?
Did it play?
Did we play?
Did you play?
Did they play?
↓ minulý čas průběhový / prostý (ROZDÍL) 1.část ↓
↓ minulý čas průběhový / prostý (ROZDÍL) 2.část ↓
Kdy se používá minulý čas?
Minulý čas průběhový:
Děj probíhal 1x, důraz je na tom, že probíhal: I was cooking for 2 hours.
Oba děje probíhaly současně: I was cooking and my friend was sleeping.
najednou dohromady – minulý průběhový čas a minulý prostý čas.
Například: I was signing with my friend, when Teacher Nováčková came.
Znakoval jsem s kamarádem (akce probíhala), když učitelka Nováčková přišla (1x).
Minulý čas prostý:
Děje jdou po sobě: I cooked lunch and then I cleaned the table.
Akce probíhala opakovaně: I played football when I was young.
Nebo se akce stala 1x, nejde nám o průběh: I slept well yesterday.
PŘÍTOMNÝ ČAS
↓ přítomný čas průběhový ↓
KLAD
sloveso TO BE (am/is/are) + sloveso - ing
I´m (am) playing
You´re (are) playing
He´s (is) playing
She´s (is) playing
It´s (is) playing
We´re (are) playing
You´re (are) playing
They´re (are) playing
ZÁPOR
sloveso TO BE (am/is/are) + NOT + sloveso - ing
I ain ́t (am not) playing
You aren ́t (are not) playing
He isn ́t (is not) playing
She isn ́t (is not) playing
It isn ́t (is not) playing
We isn ́t (are not) playing
You aren ́t (are not) playing
They aren ́t (are not) playing
OTÁZKA
Am I playing?
Are you playing?
Is he playing?
Is she playing?
Is it playing?
Are we playing?
Are you playing?
Are they playing?
↓ přítomný čas prostý ↓
Pomocné sloveso: DO a DOES (používá se v otázce a záporu)
KLAD
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
You play
They play
ZÁPOR
I don ́t (do not) play
You don ́t (do not) play
He doesn ́t (does not) play
She doesn ́t (does not) play
It doesn ́t (does not) play
We don ́t (do not) play
You don ́t (do not) play
They don ́t (do not) play
OTÁZKA
prohození podmětu a slovesa
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do you play?
Do they play?
↓ přítomný čas průběhový / prostý (ROZDÍL) ↓
BUDOUCÍ ČAS
↓ budoucí čas prostý ↓
Pomocné sloveso: WILL
KLAD
WILL + sloveso
I will play
You will play
He will play
She will play
It will play
We will play
You will play
They will play
ZÁPOR
WILL + NOT + sloveso
I won ́t (will not) play
You won ́t (will not) play
He won ́t (will not) play
She won ́t (will not) play
It won ́t (will not) play
We won ́t (will not) play
You won ́t (will not) play
They won ́t (will not) play
OTÁZKA
Will I play?
Will you play?
Will he play?
Will she play?
Will it play?
Will we play?
Will you play?
Will they play?
↓ blízká budoucnost (BE GOING TO) ↓
KLAD
podmět + am / is / are (stažené tvary) + going to + infinitiv slovesa
I´m (am) going to play
You´re (are) going to play
He´s (is) going to play
She´s (is) going to play
It´s (is) going to play
We´re (are) going to play
You´re (are) going to play
They´re (are) going to play
ZÁPOR
podmět + am / is / are (stažené tvary) + NOT + going to + infinitiv slovesa
I ain ́t (am not) going to play
You aren ́t (are not) going to play
He isn ́t (is not) going to play
She isn ́t (is not) going to play
It isn ́t (is not) going to play
We aren ́t (are not) going to play
You aren ́t (are not) going to play
They aren ́t (are not) going to play
OTÁZKA
Am I going to play?
Are you going to play?
Is he going to play?
Is she going to play?
Is it going to play?
Are we going to play?
Are you going to play?
Are they going to play?
↓↑ BE GOING TO / budoucí čas prostý (ROZDÍL) ↑↓
BE GOING TO
BUDOUCÍ ČAS PROSTÝ
OSTATNÍ
↓ způsobová slovesa (modální sloveso) ↓
ZPŮSOBOVÁ - MODÁLNÍ SLOVESA
I can swim. - Já umím plavat.
He can swim. - On umí plavat.
MAY / MIGHT
CAN - klad
1) UMĚT
přítomnost: CAN
I can swim. Umím plavat.
minulost, podmínka: COULD
I could swim. Uměla bych/jsem plavat.
jiné časy: BE ABLE TO (být schopen)
I will be able to swim. Budu umět plavat.
2) MOCT, MÍT MOŽNOST
přítomnost: CAN
Can you come tonight? Můžeš dnes večer přijít?
minulost, podmínka: COULD
Could you come? Mohl bys/jsi přijít?
jiné časy: BE ABLE TO (být schopen)
Will you be able to com? Budeš moci přijít?
3) SMĚT, MOCI, MÍT DOVOLENO
přítomnost: CAN
Can you go out after midnight?
Máš dovoleno jít ven po půlnoci?
minulost, podmínka: COULD
Could you go out after midnight?
Mohl jsi/bys jít ven po půlnoci?
jiné časy: BE ABLE TO (být schopen)
Will you be able to go out after midnight?
Budeš moci jít ven po půlnoci?
CAN´T - zápor od CAN
1) NEUMĚT
přítomnost: CAN'T
I can't swim. Neumím plavat.
minulost, podmínka: COULDN'T
I couldn't swim. Neuměla bych/jsem plavat.
jiné časy: BE (NOT) ABLE TO (nebýt schopen)
I will not be able to swim. Nebudu umět plavat.
2) NEMOCT, NEMÍT MOŽNOST
přítomnost: CAN'T
I can't come tonight. Dnes večer nemůžu přijít.
minulost, podmínka: COULDN'T
He couldn't come. Nemohl (by) přijít.
3) NESMĚT, NEMÍT DOVOLENO
přítomnost: CAN'T
You can't come with us! S námi nesmíš. (zakazujeme to)
minulost, podmínka: COULDN'T
You couldn`t come with us! S námi jsi nesměl. (zakázali jsme ti to)
jiné časy: BE (NOT) ABLE TO (nemít dovoleno)
You will not be able to go with us! Nebude ti dovoleno jít s námi.
MUST - klad
1) MUSET
přítomnost: MUST
You must be quiet. Musíš být tiše.
jiné časy: HAVE TO
I had to stay at home. Musel jsem zůstat doma.
2) Důrazná rada
You must study every day if you want to learn something. Musíš se každý den učit, když se chceš něco naučit.
MUST vs. HAVE TO v přítomnosti
MUSTN´T - zápor od MUST
1) NESMĚT
přítomnost: MUSTN`T
You mustn't go there. Nesmíš tam chodit.
minulost, podmínka: COULDN'T
You couldn't go there. Nesměl bys/jsi tam jít.
jiné časy: BE (NOT) ALLOWED TO (nemít dovoleno)
You will not be allowed to go there. Nebudeš tam smět jít.
2) Důrazná rada
You mustn't cry when you go to an interview. Nesmíš plakat, když jdeš na pohovor.
POZOR na HAVE TO!
MUSÍM = HAVE TO NESMÍM = MUSTN`T NEMUSÍM = I DON'T HAVE TO
SHOULD/OUGHT TO - klad
1) MĚL BYCH
přítomnost: SHOULD/OUGHT TO
I should study. / I ought to study. Měl bych se učit.
jiné časy: BE SUPPOSED TO
I was supposed to study. Měl jsem se učit.
2) Důrazná rada
You should relax. Měl by sis odpočinout.
-
SHOULDN'T - zápor od SHOULD
1) NEMĚL BYCH
přítomnost: SHOULDN´T
I shouldn´t eat a lot. Neměl bych hodně jíst.
jiné časy: BE (NOT) SUPPOSED TO
I wasn`t supposed to eat a lot. Neměl jsem hodně jíst.
-
-
MAY/MIGHT - klad
1) SMĚT - zdvořilá otázka
May/Might I ask you something? - Yes, you may.
Smím se Vás na něco zeptat? - Ano, smíte.
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-
↓ infinitiv / gerundium ↓
